Fate of Sun : The sun like other stars was born as an interstellar cloud of dirt and gas. In about 5 million years the hydrogen in the centre of the s

Ø Continental drift: the phenomenon of continental drift is continuing till today the continents of South America and Africa are moving apart at an average of 5.7cm/year because the sea floor is spreading along the mid atlantic Ridge. This is comparable to the growth of our fingemail.

Ø Determination of Miller: Stanley Lioyd Miller when first narrated his idea of the experiment to his professor Harold Urey, he discouraged it “Oparin’s theory is wrong the professor said Miller replied Give me 6 month and then his theory was proved in only 2 months and 47 days.

Fate of Sun : The sun like other stars was born as an interstellar cloud of dirt and gas. In about 5 million years the hydrogen in the centre of the sun will start to run out. The helium would get squeezed resulting in the formation of ezpansion. The helium will get hot enough to burn into carbon. At the end the carbon will collect at the centre of the star, shedding all outer layers to form a white dwarf. Nearly 99% of all stars in the galaxy end their life as a white dwarf.

A theory for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by Dr. A. Graham caims-Sn\mith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and adopted as a plaus

A theory for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by Dr. A. Graham caims-Sn\mith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and adopted as a plausible illustration by just a handful of other scientists including Richard Dawkins. Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing, non-organic replication platform made of silicate crystals in solution. Complexity in molecules developed as a function of selection pressures on types of clay crystals present. They then served as the replication of organic molecules independently of their silicate “launch stage”.

INT.  After Urey Miller’s experiment, in 2006 another experiment showed that a thich organic haze might have blanketed Early Earth. An organic haze c

INT.

Ø After Urey Miller’s experiment, in 2006 another experiment showed that a thich organic haze might have blanketed Early Earth. An organic haze can form over a wide range of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, believed to be present in the atmosphere of Early Earth. After forming, these organic molecules would have floated down all over the Earth allowing life to flourish globally.

Ø Another theory about the origin of life was given in 1980s by gunter wachtershauser in his theory. In contrast to the classical Miller experiments, which depend on external sources of energy (Such as simulated lightning or UV irradiation), “Wachtershauser systems” come with a built in source of energy, sulphides of iron and other minerals. They energy released from redox reactions of these metal sulphides is not only available for the synthesis of organic molecules, but also for the formation of oligomers and polymers. It is therefore hypothesized that such systems may be able to evolve into autocatalytic sets of self-replicating, metabolically active entities that would predate the life forms known today.

The biodiesel industry generates a tremendous amount of crude glycerol. The crude glycerol that is produced as a by-product in the transesterification

The biodiesel industry generates a tremendous amount of crude glycerol. The crude glycerol that is produced as a by-product in the transesterification reaction to make biodiesel typically contains high levels of salts. Most applications for glycerol require the elimination of these salts.
Conventional methods for glycerol purification are challenged with high operating costs.
By applying the latest advances in chromatography and polymeric separation technologies, Rohm and Haas and Novasep Process have developed an innovative, cost-effective solution for the purification of crude glycerol with high salt content. This AMBERSEP™ BD50 process ensures that the purification system is tuned to meet the quality specifications. The system maximizes the recycling of all process water and minimizes energy.

• Biotechnonogy is a 30 billion dollar a year industry that has produced some 160 drugs and vaccines. • Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of m

• Biotechnonogy is a 30 billion dollar a year industry that has produced some 160 drugs and vaccines.
• Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood supply safe from the AIDS virus and detect other conditions early enough to be successfully treated. Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology diagnostic products.
• Genetic engineering is sweeping the world’s farms. Seven million farmers in 18 countries grew genetically engineered crops on 16.72 million acres last year.
• Consumer already are enjoying biotechnology foods such as papaya, soybeans and com. Hundreds of biopesticides and other agricultural products also are being used to improve our food supply.
• Environmental biotechnology products make it possible to clean up hazardous waste more efficiently by harnessing pollution-eating microbes without the use of caustic chemicals.

Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste an duse less energy and water in such industrial sectors a

• Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste an duse less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the united states contain biotechnology-based enzymes.
• DNA fingerprinting an application of biotechnology, has dramatically improvd criminal investigation and forensic medicine, as well as afforded significant advances in anthropology and wildlife management.
• Edinburgh has one of the UK,s largest concentrations of clinical scientists and researchers working on human stem cells and related clinical applications.

Microbial genomes are modest in size and relatively easy to study

Haplopappus gracilis a member of family composite, has only four chromosomes in somatic tissue.

• Haplopappus gracilis a member of family composite, has only four chromosomes in somatic tissue.
• Ophioglossum regalis a member of pteridophytes has 1262 number of chromosomes in somatic cell.
• Longest metaphase chromosomes are found in Trillium
• Giant chromosome found in Dipteran are permanently at premetaphase stage and is about 300 mu long and 10 mu in diameter. Therefore it is easily visible in interphase.

Mendel’s work was unrecognized for about 35 years until they were rediscovered by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Eric Von Tschermak Seyseneg

1. Mendel’s work was unrecognized for about 35 years until they were rediscovered by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Eric Von Tschermak Seyseneg
2. in Mirabilis Jalapa there is incomplete dominance and the alleles are not related as dominant and recessive. Both of them are observed partially in F₁ generation.

The brain of modern man uses 20 Watts about 400 calories per day, one fifth of total human energy consumption.

• The brain of modern man uses 20 Watts about 400 calories per day, one fifth of total human energy consumption.
• Currently, scientists estimate that humans branched off from their common ancestor with chimpanzees about 5-7 Million Years Ago.
• Recent research suggests that the some australopithecines were capable of a precision grip, like that of humans but unlike apes, which would have meant they were capable of making stone tools.

New Species The current number of species across all kingdoms has been put at approximately 1.75 million. Annually, 15,000 to 20,000 new species are

New Species

The current number of species across all kingdoms has been put at approximately 1.75 million. Annually, 15,000 to 20,000 new species are identified in the animal kingdom alone. The UN Global Diversity Assessment has estimated that Earth supports close to 13.6 million species. Some of the new species discovered in year 2005 are four species of lemurs from the island of Madagascar, a monkey from Tanzania, an odd-ball rodent from Vietnam, a parasitic ‘Vampire Fish’ from the Amazon.

oday, there is strong evidence from genetics that all organisms have a common ancestor. For example, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as i

• Today, there is strong evidence from genetics that all organisms have a common ancestor. For example, every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material and uses the same 20 amino acids as the building blocks for proteins. The universality of these traits strongly suggests common ancestry. That means human beings and tarantula might have descended from a common ancestor. However, some also argue that evolutionary common descent ‘degrades’ human beings by placing them on the same level as other animals
• Darwin had no working mechanism for inheritance, so he could not explain it at that time. This was provided in 1865 by Gregor Mendel, whose research revealed that distinct traits were inherited in a well-defined and predictable manner.

Organisms have an inherent potentiality of changing according to the changing environmental conditions. This is clled adaptability. It leads into evol

Significance of Evolutionary Concept.

Since the concept or Organic Evolution envisages Continuity of Life with Constant modification, it is the greatest Unifying Concept in Biology, a concept which binds all organism into a single chain of lineal descent, just as all parts of a tree are ultimately derived from a single trunk. Following important phenomena of Nature are unfolded by this concept :-

1. Environmental conditions in nature are unstable and ever-changing.
2. Organisms have an inherent potentiality of changing according to the changing environmental conditions. This is clled adaptability. It leads into evolution of new species from older ones. Thus, species are also unstable and ever-changing.
3. since changes in species are by modifications due to adaptability, new species are always better organized than their ancestors.
4. Since, after spreading widely from their place of origin, different members of the same species become adapted to different sets of environmental conditions area wise, their modifications proceed along several divergent lines. Hence, several new diverse species get evolved from a single ancestral species.
5. All the present species had common ancestors at some or the other time of their evolutionary history. Hence, all are near or distant cousins, and finally have a Monophyletic Genealogy from the very first organism.

Fate on Sun : The sun like other stars was born as an interstellar cloud of dirt and gas. In about 5 million years the hydrogen in the centre of the s

• Continental Drift : The phenomenon of continental drift is continuing till today. The continents of South America and Africa are moving apart at an average of 5.7 cm per year because the sea floor is spreading along the mid Atlantic Ridge. This is comparable to the growth of our fingernail.
• Determination of Millar : Stanley Lloyd Miller, when first narrated his idea of the experiment to his professor Harold Urey, he discouraged it. “Oparin’s theory is wrong …. Unthinkable”, the professor said. Miller replied “Give me 6 months” and then, his theory was proved in only 2 months and 47 days.
• Fate on Sun : The sun like other stars was born as an interstellar cloud of dirt and gas. In about 5 million years the hydrogen in the centre of the sun will start to run out. The helium would get squeezed resulting in the formation of a red giant star. This giant will engulf all inner planets including earth on its way of expansion. The helium will get hot enough to burn into carbon. At the end , the carbon will collect at the centre of the star, shedding all outer layers to form a white dwarf. Nearly 99% of all stars in the galaxy end their life as a white dwarf.