Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste an duse less energy and water in such industrial sectors a

• Industrial biotechnology applications have led to cleaner processes that produce less waste an duse less energy and water in such industrial sectors as chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy and minerals. For example, most laundry detergents produced in the united states contain biotechnology-based enzymes.
• DNA fingerprinting an application of biotechnology, has dramatically improvd criminal investigation and forensic medicine, as well as afforded significant advances in anthropology and wildlife management.
• Edinburgh has one of the UK,s largest concentrations of clinical scientists and researchers working on human stem cells and related clinical applications.

Microbial genomes are modest in size and relatively easy to study